A transgenic fish is one which carries one or more than one foreign genes. The foreign genes are selectively incorporated by micro injection into the egg with a view to produce transgenic fish.
The progress was made in genetic engineering to isolate eukaryotic genes in 1970s and by 1980s. However, the technique was applied to the fish much later; nevertheless some significant progress was made which has potential of application in fisheries. More than a dozen of fish is produced by 1989.
Fish transgenies are difficult because of tough egg-chorion which impedes microinjection. A prior puncture or use of micro pile (an opening in the egg surface for sperm entry during fertilisation) has to be made for microinjection. The micropile is made by or by using trypsin digestion. The gene can be transferred by electroporation (exposing the egg chorion in an electric shock for a fraction of second) or by retroviral injection. The foreign gene then transferred into the nucleoplasm or the cytoplasm. In case of retroviral injection, the genes are first incorporated into the viral genome, and then through the virus the gene are transferred into the host by injection. However in case of fish the method is also not tough as because the fertilisation and embryonic development is external.
Application:
· The fish of superior quality or desired traits are produced by this process. Giant sized fish or super fish can be produced. This can be achieved by incorporating the growth promoting genes – bovine growth hormone gene or human growth hormone gene. Example in China, the giant loaches are made by growth hormone gene of human.
· The transgenic Atlantic salmon are given with anti-freeze protein gene of polar flounders. This was done to promote to make resistance power of salmon in polar region and habit of salmon can be extended to Polar Regions also.
Future goal:
The technique has great promises in future to make desirable traits of various farm fishes. Such dream fish of fast growth rate withy fatty make up, greater longevity in all environmental condition, omnivorous feeding habit with higher fecundity, greater adaptability, more resistance to disease, biocides and pollutants, lack of bones and other undesirable features can be made in future. Aquarium fish trade can also be rise by using this technique. Various beautiful coloured fish can be made by this technique.
The progress was made in genetic engineering to isolate eukaryotic genes in 1970s and by 1980s. However, the technique was applied to the fish much later; nevertheless some significant progress was made which has potential of application in fisheries. More than a dozen of fish is produced by 1989.
Fish transgenies are difficult because of tough egg-chorion which impedes microinjection. A prior puncture or use of micro pile (an opening in the egg surface for sperm entry during fertilisation) has to be made for microinjection. The micropile is made by or by using trypsin digestion. The gene can be transferred by electroporation (exposing the egg chorion in an electric shock for a fraction of second) or by retroviral injection. The foreign gene then transferred into the nucleoplasm or the cytoplasm. In case of retroviral injection, the genes are first incorporated into the viral genome, and then through the virus the gene are transferred into the host by injection. However in case of fish the method is also not tough as because the fertilisation and embryonic development is external.
Application:
· The fish of superior quality or desired traits are produced by this process. Giant sized fish or super fish can be produced. This can be achieved by incorporating the growth promoting genes – bovine growth hormone gene or human growth hormone gene. Example in China, the giant loaches are made by growth hormone gene of human.
· The transgenic Atlantic salmon are given with anti-freeze protein gene of polar flounders. This was done to promote to make resistance power of salmon in polar region and habit of salmon can be extended to Polar Regions also.
Future goal:
The technique has great promises in future to make desirable traits of various farm fishes. Such dream fish of fast growth rate withy fatty make up, greater longevity in all environmental condition, omnivorous feeding habit with higher fecundity, greater adaptability, more resistance to disease, biocides and pollutants, lack of bones and other undesirable features can be made in future. Aquarium fish trade can also be rise by using this technique. Various beautiful coloured fish can be made by this technique.
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